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1 National Democratic Party
истСоздана в сентябре 1896 из членов консервативного крыла Демократической партии [ Democratic Party] - т.н. "Золотых" демократов [ Gold Democrats]. Выступала за введение золотого стандарта [ gold standard], что было в интересах наиболее крупных финансовых и промышленных кругов Северо-Востока и Среднего Запада. В сентябре провела съезд в Индианаполисе, шт. Индиана, выдвинув своего кандидата на пост президента, который не собрал нужного числа голосов. На этом ее деятельность прекратилась.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > National Democratic Party
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2 national-democratic party
Политика: национал-демократическая партияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > national-democratic party
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3 national-democratic party
Politics english-russian dictionary > national-democratic party
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4 National Republican Party
истПолитическая партия. Возникла в 1825 после раскола в Демократической республиканской партии [ Democratic-Republican Party]. Была создана на основе фракции, которую возглавляли Дж. Адамс [ Adams, John Quincy] и Г. Клей [ Clay, Henry]. Выступала с программой "американской системы" [ American system] (протекционистские тарифы, централизованная банковская система). Однако на выборах 1832 кандидат партии Г. Клей потерпел поражение, и в период президентства Э. Джексона [ Jackson, Andrew] партия слилась с рядом других политических группировок, образовав Партию вигов [ Whig Party]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > National Republican Party
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5 party
n1) партия2) группа3) отряд4) участник, юр. сторона•to ban a party — запрещать партию; объявлять партию вне закона
to be a party to smth — быть причастным к чему-л.
to belong to a party — принадлежать какой-л. партии
to call upon the parties to smth — призывать стороны к чему-л.; требовать от сторон чего-л.
to campaign for a party — вести предвыборную кампанию какой-л. партии
to emerge from the general election as the biggest single party — получать абсолютное большинство голосов на выборах ( о партии)
to follow a party — быть сторонником какой-л. партии
to hold a party together — сплачивать партию; сохранять единство партии
to inflict a smashing defeat on a party — наносить какой-л. партии сокрушительное поражение
to legalize / to legitimize a party — легализовывать / узаконивать партию
to merge with a party — объединяться с какой-л. партией
to place the parties in a position of inequality before the court — ставить стороны в неравное положение перед судом
to put the party on a good footing to fight for smth — создавать хорошие предпосылки для борьбы партии за что-л.
to rejuvenate a party — омолаживать партию; оживлять деятельность партии
to relinquish one's presidency of a party — отказываться от своего поста председателя партии
to shoot past a party — обходить какую-л. партию ( на выборах)
- agrarian partyto write a part's obituary — перен. хоронить партию
- approved party
- attacking party
- authorized party
- beleaguered party
- breakaway party
- breakup of a party
- center party
- centrist party
- clerical party
- coalition parties
- communist party
- conflicting parties
- Congress party
- Conservative party
- conservative wing of a party
- constitution of a party
- contending parties
- contracting party
- decline center-right parties
- defaulting party
- demise of a political party
- Democratic party
- departure from a party
- disbandment of a party
- disputing parties
- dissolution of a party
- dominant party
- ecological party
- environmentally responsible party
- expulsion from the party
- extreme right-wing party
- far-right party
- feuding parties
- founder of a party
- fraternal party
- fringe party
- fusion of two parties
- G.O.P
- governing party
- Grand Old Party
- grassroot organization of a party
- Green party
- groups outside the party
- guilty party
- hard-line party
- High Contracting Parties
- incumbent party
- independent party
- influential party
- injured party
- interested party
- involved parties
- Labour Party
- landing party
- lay parties
- leading parties
- left party
- leftist party
- left-of-center party
- left-wing party
- legal party
- legitimate party
- Liberal Democratic Party
- liberal party
- Liberal Party
- liberal wing of the party
- mainstream parties
- majority party
- marginalization of a party
- mature party
- merged party
- merger of two parties
- middle-of-the-road party
- middle-road party
- militant and tried party
- minor party
- moderate party
- much-shrunk party
- multiplicity of parties
- national convention of a party
- national-democratic party
- nationalist party
- Nazi party
- new splinter party
- newly formed party
- one's power base in the party
- opposing parties
- opposite party
- opposition party
- parliamentary party
- party at fault
- party has disintegrated
- party in office
- party in power
- party in the war
- party is down one per cent
- party is very much back in its stride
- party is well ahead of all the other parties combined
- party of division
- party of government
- party of privilege
- party of social concern
- party of the people
- party of the right
- party to a case
- party to a conference
- party to a lawsuit
- party to an agreement
- party to conflict
- party to dispute
- party to legal proceedings
- party wedded to a system
- parties concerned
- parties involved
- parties of the government coalition
- parties to a treaty
- parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice
- people's party
- pillar of a party
- political extinction of a party
- political in-fighting within a party
- political party
- progressive party
- pro-reform party
- pro-western party
- purge of the party
- radical party
- raiding party
- reactionary party
- rebels within a party
- reformist party
- registered party
- Republican Party
- rescue party
- revolutionary party
- right party
- right-wing party
- rigidly disciplined party
- routing of a party
- row within the party
- ruling party
- Social Democratic Party
- socialist party
- Social-Liberal Democratic Party
- split within a party over smth
- suspension of political parties
- the biggest single party
- the two parties are split on smth
- third party
- Tory party
- ultra-religious parties
- unity of the party
- viable party
- warring parties
- with the consent of the parties
- working party -
6 national
1) підданий (ім.), громадянин; вітчизна; військова повинність2) національний, державний; федеральний, загальнодержавний; внутрішньодержавний, вітчизняний; народний•National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect — Національний центр з питань жорстокого поводження з дітьми та недогляду за дітьми ( США)
National Crime Information Center — = National Crime Information Centre Національний центр інформації про злочини ( США)
National Crime Information Centre — = National Crime Information Center
national search for wanted file — картотека осіб, які перебувають у розшуку, оголошеному в масштабах країни
national security classification — засекречування відомостей, що стосуються державної безпеки
- national accountsNational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children — Національне товариство попередження жорстокого поводження з дітьми
- national administration
- national agency
- national agreement
- national airspace
- national anthem
- national archives
- national arrest warrant
- National Assembly
- national assistance
- national authority
- national autonomy
- National Bankruptcy Act
- National Bank Act
- national bank
- National Bank of Ukraine
- national board
- national border
- national borders
- national boundary
- national boundaries
- national budget
- national census
- national committee
- national consensus
- national consciousness
- national constitution
- national contract
- national convention
- national council
- national court
- national currency
- national day
- national debt
- national defence matter
- national defense matter
- national defence information
- national defense information
- national democracy
- national democrat
- national democratic
- national-democratic
- national dignity
- national domain
- National Driver Register
- national drug-control policy
- national election
- national emblem
- national executive
- national feelings
- national fingerprint file
- national flag
- national flag desecration
- national form of government
- national frontier
- national guard
- national government
- national guardsman
- national health
- national heritage
- national holiday
- national income tax
- national insurance
- national insurance act
- national insurance law
- national Interpol bureau
- national intolerance
- national judicial system
- national jurisdiction
- national language
- national law
- national laws
- national legal system
- national legislation
- national level
- national liberation
- national-liberation
- national liberation war
- National Maximum Speed Limit
- national minority
- national monument
- national observer
- national origin of a work
- national origin
- national parliament
- national patriot
- national pension
- national property domain
- national police
- national policy
- national poll
- national power
- national problem
- national property
- national qualification
- national reconciliation
- national referendum
- national representative
- national republic
- national security
- national security act
- national security law
- national security adviser
- National Security Agency
- National Security Council
- national security offence
- national security offense
- national self-determination
- national servant
- national service
- national serviceman
- National Sheriffs' Association
- national system
- National Socialist Party
- national socialist
- national sovereignty
- national strife
- national strike
- national supremacy
- national tax
- national tax systems
- national taxation
- national taxes
- national ticket
- national tolerance
- national treatment
- national union
- national unity
- national values
- national waters
- national wealth -
7 Democratic National Committee
сокр DNCРуководящий орган Демократической партии [ Democratic Party]. Основная деятельность приходится на президентских или промежуточных [ midterm election] выборов, подготовку национального съезда [ National Convention].English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Democratic National Committee
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8 national party
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9 Whig Party
истПолитическая партия, возникшая на основе Национальной республиканской партии [ National Republican Party]. Существовала в 1834-56; сформировалась на почве оппозиции к Э. Джексону [ Jackson, Andrew] и демократам. В целом выступала за активную роль центральной власти в экономике, но из-за разногласий внутри партии не смогла выработать единой программы. Среди лидеров партии были видные политические деятели Г. Клэй [ Clay, Henry] и Д. Уэбстер [ Webster, Daniel]. На президентских выборах 1836 виги выдвинули трех кандидатов - У. Гаррисона [ Harrison, William Henry], Х. Уайта [White, Hugh L.] и Д. Уэбстера, и все они проиграли М. ван Бюрену [ Van Buren, Martin]. В 1840 виги выдвинули единого кандидата - У. Гаррисона, который стал президентом, но умер через месяц после инаугурации [ inauguration]. Его преемник Дж. Тайлер [ Tyler, John] наложил вето на программные законопроекты вигов в Конгрессе и был даже исключен из партии. В 1844 виги выдвинули кандидатуру Клэя, но в партии вновь произошел раскол, на этот раз по вопросу о рабстве, и они вновь проиграли. В 1848 виги привели в Белый дом своего кандидата З. Тейлора [ Taylor, Zachary]. Раскол в партии по вопросу о рабстве усилился при обсуждении проектов Компромисса 1850 года [ Compromise of 1850] и закона о Канзасе и Небраске [ Kansas-Nebraska Act]. В 1852, после выдвижения кандидатом на пост президента У. Скотта [ Scott, Winfield] многие южные, "хлопковые" виги [ Cotton Whigs] вступили в Демократическую партию [ Democratic Party]. В 1854 северные виги перешли в новую Республиканскую партию [ Republican Party]. К 1856 остатки вигов перешли в "Партию незнаек" [ Know-Nothing Party]. Название по аналогии с известной политической партией Англии XVIII-XIX вв.тж Whigs -
10 Portuguese Communist Party
(PCP)The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.See also Left Bloc.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party
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11 NDP
1) Американизм: Non Democratic Party2) Военный термин: National Disclosure Policy, Naval Doctrine Publication, Navy Department Personnel, night defensive positions4) Шутливое выражение: Newly Democratic Patio, No Democratic Process, No Difference Party, The Now Dead Party5) Юридический термин: No Due Process6) Грубое выражение: No Damn Party, No Damn Profit, No Darn Principle7) Политика: National Democratic Party, New Democrat Party, New Democratic Party, New Direction Party, No Direction Party8) Сокращение: New Democratic Party ( Canada)9) Физика: Neutron depth profiling10) Электроника: New Device Products11) Вычислительная техника: Numeric Data Processor, New Democratic Party (Canada)12) Нефть: non-dispersed, dual-action polymer13) Бурение: недиспергирующийся полимер двойного действия (non-dispersed, dual-action polymer)14) ЕБРР: net domestic product15) Автоматика: normal diametral pitch -
12 Gold Democrats
ист"Золотые" демократыГруппировка членов Демократической партии [ Democratic Party], во время внутрипартийного спора выступивших на Национальном съезде партии [ National Convention] (1896) против свободной чеканки серебряных денег [ free silver] и за введение в стране золотого стандарта [ gold standard]. Первоначально их лидером был Г. Кливленд [ Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover]. После победы "Серебряных" демократов [ Silver Democrats] на съезде образовали Национальную демократическую партию [ National Democratic Party]. Были также известны как "демократы здоровой валюты" ["sound-money Democrats"]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Gold Democrats
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13 sound money Democrats
English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > sound money Democrats
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14 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
15 Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
(1941-)Legal scholar and teacher, jurist, civil servant, and politician. Born in Povoa de Varzim, Freitas do Amaral's father became a member of parliament in the Estado Novo's National Assembly. A superb student, the young Freitas do Amaral studied law at the Law Faculty, University of Lisbon, and became the top law student and protégé of Professor Marcello Caetano, who in 1968 was selected to replace an ailing Antônio de Oliveira Salazar as prime minister. Freitas do Amaral received his doctorate in law in the late 1960s and remained close to his former law professor, who was now prime minister. In his scholarship on the history of Portuguese law, as well as in his political and social ideology as a conservative, Freitas do Amaral in many respects remained a student, protégé, and follower of Caetano through the period of Caetano's premiership (1968-74) and into the era of the Revolution of 25 April 1974. More than 20 years later, Freitas do Amaral published his memoirs, which focused on the 1968-74 political era, O Antigo Regime E A Revolução. Memórias Políticas ( 1941-75). This personal portrait of Caetano's tribulations as a sometimes reluctant, well-prepared but probably inappropriately selected national leader remains an invaluable primary source for historical reconstruction.During the early months after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Freitas do Amaral entered politics and became a founder of the right-wing Christian Democratic Party (CDS). He served as the party's leader to 1985 and again from 1988 to 1991, and was a member of parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1975 to 1983 and from 1992 to 1993. When the Democratic Alliance, of which the CDS was a part, won elections in 1979-80, Freitas do Amaral served as deputy prime minister and minister of defense and, when Francisco de Sá Carneiro died in a mysterious air crash, Freitas do Amaral briefly served as interim prime minister. He was a candidate for the presidency in the 1986 presidential election, although he lost to Mário Soares. In 1995, he served as President of the United Nations General Assembly. As a European federalist who disagreed with the CDS Euroskeptic line followed by Paulo Portas, Freitas do Amaral broke with his party and resigned from it. Although he was usually regarded as a right-winger, Freitas do Amaral backed the Social Democratic Party in the 2002 Assembly of the Republic elections. Disillusioned with the government's policies and critical of its endorsement of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Freitas do Amaral shifted his support to the Socialist Party in the 2005 election. The new prime minister José Sôcrates named Freitas do Amaral minister of foreign affairs in the XVII Constitutional Government, but the senior jurist and politician resigned after a year in office, for health reasons.After many years as a law professor at the New University of Lisbon, in 2007, Freitas do Amaral delivered a final public lecture and retired from academia. He is the author of a biography of King Afonso I, a play, and of various legal and juridical studies and is considered the most eminent living scholar in the fields of administrative and constitutional law.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
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16 Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
(1934-1980)Important political leader in the early years of post-1974 Portugal. Trained and educated as a lawyer at the University of Lisbon Law School, he was an up-and-coming young lawyer and liberal Catholic activist in the 1960s. A practicing lawyer in Oporto, Sá Carneiro was selected to be one of a number of younger deputies in the National Assembly during the brief "opening" phase of Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's period of the Estado Novo. He became a deputy upon consenting to adhere to two conditions for his selection; namely, maintaining Portugal's colonial policy in Africa and advocating "social peace" through reforms. But he refused to join the regime's official movement, the União Nacional. Soon discouraged by the continued intransigence of the conservative forces still controlling regime policy, despite the efforts of Caetano during 1968-70, Sá Carneiro and several others of the recently appointed deputies resigned their posts and went into opposition.Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Sá Carneiro and colleagues founded the Social Democrat Party (PSD). The highly respected lawyer and spokesman for centrist views became fully involved in the unstable politics of the early Revolutionary period. Named prime minister in January 1980, Sá Carneiro became the political man of the hour in Portugal. The PSD under Sá Carneiro leadership formed the core of a right of center electoral coalition named the Democratic Alliance (AD), which was composed of the PSD, Christian Democratic Party (CDS), and PPM during theDecember 1979 interim parliamentary elections. The AD won the election and Sá Carneiro became prime minister. The regular October 1980 legislative elections, which the AD won, reaffirmed the AD's strength as a coalition. Anxious to consolidate political power by having a president who favored AD policies in office and eager to have the AD candidate, General Soares Carneiro, defeat the incumbent, President Ramalho Eanes, Sá Carneiro undertook a vigorous campaign in the presidential elections set for 7 December 1980. On 4 December, bound for Oporto campaign stops, Sá Carneiro's plane crashed and burned only a short distance from the Lisbon airport. Seven official investigations of the crash have not reached definitive conclusions, and the cause of the crash remains a mystery.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
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17 Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de
(1956-)Portuguese lawyer and politician, and prime minister (2004-05). Born in Lisbon in 1956, Santana Lopes took a law degree from the University of Lisbon and was a Student Union leader. In 1976, he joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and became a legal advisor to Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro. Santana Lopes has always considered himself a follower of the late Sá Carneiro. In 1986, he became assistant state secretary to Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, and the following year was elected to the European Parliament, in which he served for two years. In 1991, Cavaco Silva named him secretary of state for culture. He served in various other posts, including mayor of Lisbon, and he founded a weekly newspaper, Semanário.In 1998, Santana Lopes withdrew from politics after being negatively depicted in a private television station comic sketch. Instead, he continued in politics and rose to the vice-presidency of the PSD. José Manuel Durão Barroso resigned in July 2004 to become president of the European Commission, and Santana Lopes became PSD leader. Since his party was the major partner in the governing coalition at this time and Barroso had resigned his post, Santana Lopes succeeded him.Santana Lopes' brief premiership was fraught with difficulties. The national economy was in a crisis, and there were frequent cabinet shuffles, factionalism among PSD leaders, and questions being raised about the competence of Santana Lopes to govern effectively. President Jorge Sampaio called a parliamentary election for February 2005, following the resignation of the minister of sport from the cabinet and that minister's attacks on the prime minister's conduct. The Socialist Party (PS) under José Sócrates won the election, and Santana Lopes left office to resume his post as mayor of Lisbon. Santana Lopes, however, after in-fighting with his party and following the party's failure to endorse him as a candidate for the upcoming municipal elections, resigned this post one month before the election of February 2005.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de
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18 state
1. n1) государство3) состояние; положение•to accept the existence of a state — признавать существование какого-л. государства
to be in a state of smth — находиться в каком-л. состоянии
to carry a state — добиваться победы на выборах / одерживать победу в каком-л. штате
to declare a state — объявлять о создании государства, провозглашать государство
to detain smb under the current state of emergency — задерживать кого-л. согласно действующему закону о чрезвычайном положении
to govern / to guide a state — руководить государством
to incorporate a state into a country — включать какое-л. государство в состав страны
to institute a state of siege — объявлять осадное положение; вводить / устанавливать осадное положение
to reconstitute a state — восстанавливать какое-л. государство
to reduce to the state of smth — низводить до какого-л. положения
to re-impose the state of siege — вновь вводить / восстанавливать осадное положение
to stop short of recognizing a state — не признавать какое-л. государство
- accrediting stateto take action under the state of siege — принимать меры в соответствии с приказом о введении осадного положения
- active state
- adjacent state
- admission of a state in the United Nations
- affairs of state
- aggressor state
- agrarian state
- agrarian-industrial state
- alarming state
- allied state
- apartheid state
- associated states
- at the helm of a state
- Baltic states
- banner state
- belligerent states
- border states
- bordering states
- bourgeois state
- bourgeois-democratic state
- bourgeois-parliamentary state
- breakup of a state
- buffer state
- bureaucratic police state
- call of the states
- capitalist state
- cast-ridden state
- civilized state
- client state
- coastal state
- constitutional state
- contesting states
- continental state
- contracting state
- corporate state
- creation of a state
- delinquent state
- dependent state
- depository state
- developed state - donor state
- enemy state
- equal states
- erection of a state
- exploiting state
- exporting state
- extra-zonal state
- federal state
- federative state
- founding of a state
- friendly state
- front-line state
- guarantor state
- Gulf states
- hinterland state
- home state
- hopeless state
- imposition of a state of emergency
- in a state of stagnation
- independent state
- initial state
- island state
- land-locked state
- law-based state
- law-governed state
- leading state
- lease-holder-state
- legal state
- littoral state
- loosely knit state
- mandatory state
- mediator state
- member state
- militarist state
- military-police state
- moderate state
- multinational state
- national state
- national-democratic state
- nationally uniform state
- near-land-locked state
- near-nuclear state
- neighboring state
- neutral state
- neutralist state
- neutralized state
- new state
- newly proclaimed state
- newly-independent state
- NNWS
- nonaligned states
- nonbelligerent state
- noncoastal state
- nondemocratic state
- nonlittoral state
- non-member state
- non-nuclear state
- non-nuclear-weapon state
- nonsignatory state
- normal state
- nuclear capable state
- nuclear-weapon states
- oceanic coastal state
- offending state
- oil state
- one-party state
- opposite states
- parent state
- participant state
- participating state
- peace-loving state
- permanently neutral state
- pivotal state
- police state
- possession of state secrets
- prenuclear state
- princely state
- proclamation of a state
- producer state
- proletarian state
- protected state
- protecting state
- protector state
- provider state
- puppet state
- rebel state
- receiving state
- recipient state
- reparian state
- requesting state
- responsibility of states
- rightful state
- rogue state
- satellite state
- secular state
- self-imposed state of isolation
- self-sufficient state
- separate state
- signatory state
- slave state
- sovereign state
- stable state
- stagnant state
- state holding most electoral votes
- state of affairs
- state of emergency
- state of market
- state of residence
- state of siege
- state of the economy
- state of trade
- state of war
- state within a state
- states concerned
- states parties
- states with different social structures
- successful state
- territorially integral state
- terrorist state
- The Succession State
- The United State of Europe
- The Warsaw Treaty State
- theocratic state
- threshold state
- totalitarian state
- transgressing state
- transgressor state
- transient state
- transition towards a multiparty state
- trustee state
- unified state
- unitary state
- unity of the state
- user state
- vassal states
- viable state
- welfare state
- young sovereign states
- zonal states 2. vзаявлять; излагать; выражать; сообщать; высказывать; констатировать; формулироватьto state an opinion / a question etc. — излагать мнение / вопрос и т.п.
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19 states' rights
ист, политКонцепция, согласно которой штаты пользуются всеми правами, не запрещенными для них Конституцией США [ Constitution, U.S.] и не переданными ими федеральным властям [ delegated powers], как это определяется Десятой поправкой к Конституции [ Tenth Amendment], которая гласит: "Полномочия, не делегированные Соединенным Штатам Конституцией и не запрещенные ею для штатов, сохраняются соответственно за каждым штатом или за народом". Эта поправка, являющаяся частью Билля о правах [ Bill of Rights], была принята под давлением тех, кто считал, что Конституция недостаточно защищает права штатов, и отражала определенное недоверие к центральной власти. Однако ввиду отсутствия четкого определения понятий, содержащихся в Десятой поправке, исторически в США соперничали две позиции по вопросу о соотношении прав федеральных властей и штатов. Сторонники расширения прав штатов традиционно опирались на ограничительное толкование [ strict construction] Конституции Т. Джефферсоном [ Jefferson, Thomas], который признавал за центральным правительством только те прерогативы, которые непосредственно перечислены в Конституции [ enumerated powers], а его противники - на "широкое (либеральное) толкование" А. Гамильтона [ Hamilton, Alexander], согласно которому центральное правительство обладает "подразумеваемыми прерогативами" [ implied powers]. До Гражданской войны [ Civil War] строгого соблюдения прав штатов требовали Демократическая республиканская партия [ Democratic-Republican Party] и джексоновские демократы [ Jacksonian Democracy], тогда как федералисты [ Federalists], национальные республиканцы [ National Republican Party] и виги [ Whig Party] выступали за более активную роль федерального правительства. В конце XIX столетия концепцию "прав штатов" стали усиленно поддерживать деловые круги, рассматривая ее как гарантию против государственного регулирования экономики, а либеральные политические круги в интересах защиты фермеров, рабочих и меньшинств отказались от "узкого толкования" Конституции. Наиболее догматично положение о правах штатов толковали южные штаты, опасавшиеся вмешательства федерального правительства в вопрос о рабстве. На концепцию "прав штатов" в период развития движения за гражданские права 1960-х [ civil rights movement] нередко ссылались те, кто опасался принятия федеральных законов в защиту гражданских прав.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > states' rights
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20 Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill)
(р. 1946) Клинтон Уильям Джефферсон (Билл)42-й президент США [ President, U.S.] (в 1993-2001). Родился в городке Хоуп [Hope], шт. Арканзас, в семье Уильяма Джефферсона Блайта-третьего [Blythe]. Его отец погиб в автокатастрофе за три месяца до рождения сына. Спустя некоторое время мать Клинтона Вирджиния Келли вышла замуж за продавца машин Роджера Клинтона, чью фамилию позднее принял его приемный сын. Среднее образование будущий президент США получил в школе г. Хот-Спрингс, шт. Арканзас, обучаясь в которой, принял решение стать врачом. Планы Клинтона изменились после того, как во время экскурсии школьников страны в г. Вашингтон в 1962 ему довелось участвовать во встрече с президентом США Джоном Ф. Кеннеди [ Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (JFK)], произведшим на подростка неизгладимое впечатление. В 1968 он окончил факультет международных отношений Джорджтаунского университета. Во время учебы в университете работал в течение года в аппарате сенатора Уильяма Фулбрайта [ Fulbright, James William]. Получив именную стипендию Роудса [Rhodes scholarship], в 1968-70 учился в Оксфордском университете (Англия), а затем в Йельском университете [ Yale University], окончив который в 1973, получил степень доктора права. Позднее стало известно, что в студенческие годы он принимал активное участие в молодежном движении протеста против войны во Вьетнаме [ Vietnam War] и уклонился от призыва в армию (см draft evaders). В 1972 руководил в Техасе избирательной кампанией кандидата Демократической партии [ Democratic Party] в президенты США Джорджа Макговерна [ McGovern, George Stanley]. В 1973 Клинтон вернулся в родной штат и стал преподавать право в Арканзасском университете [ Arkansas, University of]. В 1974 он неудачно баллотировался в члены Палаты представителей [ House of Representatives] Конгресса США. В 1975 женился на выпускнице Колледжа Уэллсли [ Wellesley College] Хиллари Родэм [Rodham, Hillary], с которой познакомился в годы учебы в Йеле. В 1976 руководил в своем штате предвыборной кампанией кандидата Демократической партии в президенты США Джимми Картера [ Carter, James (Jimmy) Earl] и в том же году был избран генеральным прокурором (атторнеем) своего штата. В 1978 в возрасте 32-х лет он был избран губернатором [ governor] штата Арканзас, став самым молодым губернатором страны. В 1980 у четы Клинтонов родилась дочь Челси [Clinton, Chelsea Victoria]. В этом же году он потерпел поражение в своей попытке быть избранным губернатором штата на второй срок, но в 1986 вновь был избран на этот пост и сохранял его вплоть до 1992. В 1992 Национальный съезд Демократической партии [Democratic National Convention] выдвинул кандидатуру Клинтона в президенты США, и после бурной избирательной кампании он был избран на этот пост. Ему удалось преодолеть жесткое сопротивление как в своей партии, так и в республиканских и консервативных политических кругах страны, обвинявших его, в частности, в отсутствии патриотизма, выразившемся в уклонении от призыва в армию в года вьетнамской войны, а также в супружеской измене в бытность губернатором Аризоны. Последние обвинения категорически отрицались Клинтоном и его женой во время их выступлений по телевидению и в интервью. На протяжении всех восьми лет пребывания в Белом доме [ White House] чете Клинтонов и самому президенту неоднократно предъявлялись обвинения в незаконных сделках с недвижимостью (нашумевшее уайтуотерское дело [Whitewater Affair], в результате которого в 1996 были осуждены проходившие по нему бывшие аризонские партнеры президента), в сомнительной кадровой и финансовой политике и в семейной неверности. В первые четыре года его президентства регулярно осложнялись взаимоотношения Клинтона с законодателями, не соглашавшимися с экономическим курсом и бюджетной политикой администрации, и военными, протестовавшими против позиции Белого дома по вопросам службы в армии лиц с нетрадиционной сексуальной ориентацией. Вместе с тем, первой администрации Клинтона удалось добиться и заметных успехов в области внутренней и, особенно, внешней политики (утверждение Конгрессом США закона о сокращении бюджетного дефицита, создание Североамериканского соглашения о свободной торговле [ NAFTA] и Всемирной торговой организации и др.). Критика в адрес лично президента и проводимого его администрацией курса особенно активизировалась в связи с началом предвыборной кампании 1996, но Клинтону вновь удалось одержать победу над кандидатом республиканцев сенатором Р. Доулом [ Dole, Robert Joseph (Bob)], в результате которой он стал вторым после Франклина Рузвельта [ Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR)] президентом-демократом, избранным на второй четырехлетний срок. Вторая администрация Клинтона принесла Соединенным Штатам признаваемые всеми достижения в экономической области - сокращение безработицы и инфляции, достижение сбалансированного бюджета, обеспечение бюджетного профицита, рост промышленного производства, повышение жизненного уровня населения страны. Менее впечатляющими были успехи во внешнеполитической сфере - широко разрекламированные усилия администрации по достижению мирного урегулирования международных и региональных конфликтов (Ближний Восток, Сомали, Судан, Босния, Косово, Сербия и др.), развитие сотрудничества с Россией в области ограничения и сокращения стратегических вооружений оказались неоднозначными и недолговечными. Провалы и просчеты администрации в проводимой ею внутренней и внешней политике, а также допущенные ею нарушения в использовании средств на избирательную кампанию 1996 нанесли заметный ущерб популярности президента в стране. Особенно серьезный ущерб имиджу Клинтона был нанесен в 1998 делом Моники Левински [Lewinsky, Monica] - стажерки Белого дома, замешанной в сексуальном скандале с участием президента. Скандал, прозвучавший в международном масштабе, был вызван не столько самим фактом непозволительного с моральной точки зрения поведения Клинтона (личная популярность Клинтона как в США, так и за их пределами продолжала оставаться высокой), сколько его настойчивым отрицанием факта измены жене даже после публичного принесения присяги говорить только правду. Последнее обстоятельство стало поводом для инициирования противниками Клинтона в Конгрессе дела об импичменте [ impeachment] президента - второго с 1867 в истории США утвержденного конгрессменами и доведенного до стадии рассмотрения в Сенате США [ Senate, U.S.]. В феврале 1999 Сенат США вынес решение о снятии с Клинтона предъявленных ему обвинений. 19 января 2001, накануне дня ухода в отставку с поста президента, Клинтон согласился с наложенным на него пятилетним запретом на адвокатскую деятельность в штате Арканзас и выплатил штраф в размере 25 тыс. долларов Ассоциации адвокатов штата Арканзас, закрыв, тем самым, т.н. уайтуотерское дело, которое могло быть продолжено после его отставки с поста президента. В 2000 супруга Клинтона Хиллари была избрана сенатором США от штата Нью-Йорк. Сам Клинтон активно занимается общественной деятельностью, выступает с лекциями в США и за рубежомEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill)
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